Science and Human Right Books

Materials science is one of the fastest growing science, which were formed in relatively recent times. Although the materials have always been a very important role in our lives, become the subject of further scientific research in the 19th and 20th century. Throughout history humans have used materials found in nature, for example, stone and wood. Over time, we learned to make and use metals such as copper and iron and alloys of many derivatives of these metals, like bronze. Some materials, like gold, were and are still used in jewelry due to its extensive color unique among metals, and the inability to oxidize, which makes it stable for long periods of time. It is also important to mention the steel as a material is also relatively recent, we could say without exaggeration, started a new industrial revolution set in its ow, because of many applications that have been found for this material with the time.

Today, we are using many new types of metals like aluminum and titanium alloys containing the metals mentioned, which are mostly strong, and at the same time have a relatively low density and therefore are mostly very light. As an example of a typical metal alloy, we will mention a known material such as steel, which is basically a material that, in most cases, contains up to 5% of carbon, in combination with iron, forms a hard iron carbide. In the hardening process, the metastable structure is created, which is the main reason for the hardness of steel. Steel is a metal that occurs in very large quantities and it is increasingly difficult to produce enough of this material, and because, in its production, steel industry leans toward the process easier and cheaper. After exiting the oven, steel, almost always goes to the refining process in which the impurities that may have a negative effect on their properties, are released. Thus, some metals may be added others in their place (if we have one more case of steels). Although there are some problems related to steel, which remains one of the most important and most commonly used materials that humans use for this date.

Also, today we have a lot of organic materials such as polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and many others. All these books were the product of extensive research in the field of materials science, but also the science of chemistry is a very important part of materials science. As an example of an organic material can be mentioned a plastic material known as celluloid which is considered the first thermoplastic material by man. It can be easily molded and shaped, and in principle, was best known as a substitute for ivory. The first types were highly flammable celluloid and perishable, often at risk, but over time, new formulas have been created in which some additional compounds are added to reduce the flammability of the plastic. However, over time it was replaced with many other types of plastics that have better properties. Regardless of this fact remains one of the most important materials in the history of materials technology. It is also interesting to note that the film today is more well known for being the most common material used in the production of guitar picks and ping-pong balls.

There are a lot of composite materials with very interesting properties. Basically, these materials are produced by combining different materials. A common example of this material is reinforced concrete, which is composed of two materials: concrete and iron bars or steel in it. Glass also could be mentioned as a composite material, it often consists of many different components that often exceed the essential compounds that are basic glass as a material. Glass is a material in which sodium and calcium silicate prevail. The glass is very viscous, no crytalline structure and has no defined melting point. It is a poor conductor of heat. As the glass surface cools faster than ever inside, the tension within the glass mass is created. With the help of a rapid cooling of the glass, you can achieve a very hard surface of the glass object. This type of glass is resistant to shock, but with certain limits, however. Although it is very difficult, when broken, was broken into thousands of small pieces. This function is used in the automotive industry, where it adds a layer of glue for this type of glass. Because at the time of breaking glass, the glass breaks into small pieces, but are held together with the help of the aforementioned adhesive layer.

And finally, let’s talk about an interesting invention that has been created by combining various discoveries from the domain of materials science, chemistry and physics – auto darkening materials. These materials basically reacted to ultraviolet rays from the sun. This principle was invented in the middle of last century. The best known property of the first versions of this glass was the relatively slow period of darkness or light, and often, the level of darkness of the lens is maintained at a constant level after a certain period of time. This, however, was not desirable, so that over time, developed better lenses. Basically, the principle remains the same, but the materials used in the substrate of dark matter itself was changed, along with the material causing the blackout itself. Read the rest of this entry »